Pen computers in form factor are essentially laptops with screens you can draw on. However unless 2-in-1 laptops, pen computers are TRUE drawing tablets. You don't need them to be connected up to a separate computer to work. Because pen computers have a CPU, they are running an operating system and all current pen computers use Microsoft Windows.
The reality of pen computers
Some people love using pen computers, but I don't recommend pen computers. Instead, I recommend you choose a mobile computer with pen support.
Origin of term "pen computer"
Wacom uses the term "pen computer" so I've adapted that terminology in my documentation.